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College Composition and Communication, Vol. 52, No. 1, September 2000

Click here to view the individual articles in this issue at http://www.ncte.org/cccc/ccc/issues/v52-1

Connors, Robert J. “The Erasure of the Sentence.” CCC 52.1 (2000): 96-128.

Abstract:

This article examines the sentence-based pedagogies that arose in composition during the 1960s and 1970s: the generative rhetoric of Francis Christensen, imitation exercises, and sentence-combining: and attempts to discern why these three pedagogies have been so completely elided within contemporary composition studies. The usefulness of these sentence-based rhetorics was never disproved, but a growing wave of anti-formalism, antibehaviorism, and anti-empiricism within English-based composition studies after 1980 doomed them to a marginality under which they still exist today. The result of this erasure of sentence pedagogies is a culture of writing instruction that has very little to do with or to say about the sentence outside of a purely grammatical discourse.

Keywords:

ccc52.1 Sentence SentenceCombining Students Imitation Composition FChristensen Writing Syntax Rhetoric Research Grammar Pedagogy Exercises

Works Cited

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Bond, Charles A. “A New Approach to Freshman Composition: A Trial of the Christensen Method.” College English 33 (1972): 623-27.
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Broadhead, Glenn J., and James A. Berlin. “Twelve Steps to Using Generative Sentences and Sentence Combining in the Composition Classroom.” College Composition and Communication 32 (1981): 295-307.
Charney, Davida. ” Empiricism is not a Four- Letter Word .” College Composition and Communication 47 (1996): 567-93.
Christensen, Francis. “A Generative Rhetoric of the Sentence.” College Composition and Communication 14 (1963): 155-61.
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—. “The Course in Advanced Composition for Teachers.” College Composition and Communication 24 (1973): 163-70. Christensen, Francis, and Bonniejean Christensen. A New Rhetoric. New York: Harper, 1975.
Combs, Warren E. “Sentence-Combining Practice: Do Gains in Judgments of Writing ‘Quality’ Persist?” Journal of Educational Research 70 (1977): 318-21.
Combs, Warren E., and William L. Smith. “The Effects of Overt and Covert Cues on Written Syntax.” Research in the Teaching of English 14 (1980): 19-38.
Connors, Robert J. “Composition Studies and Science.” College English 45 (1983): 1-20.
—. Composition-Rhetoric: Backgrounds, Theory, and Pedagogy. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1997.
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—. “The Theory and Practice of Imitation in Classical Rhetoric.” College Composition and Communication 22 (1971): 243-50.
Daiker, Donald A., Andrew Kerek, and Max Morenberg. “Sentence-Combining and Syntactic Maturity in Freshman English,” College Composition and Communication 29 (1978): 36-41.
—, eds. Sentence-Combining: A Rhetorical Perspective. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1985.
—, eds. Sentence-Combining and the Teaching of Writing. Conway, AR: L&S Books, 1979.
—. The Writer’s Options: College Sentence-Combining. New York: Harper and Row, 1979.
D’Angelo, Frank. “Imitation and Style.” College Composition and Communication 24 (1973): 283-90.
Dowst, Kenneth. “An Epistemic View of Sentence-Combining: Practice and Theories.” Daiker et al. Sentence-Combining: A Rhetorical Perspective. 321-33.
Elbow, Peter. “The Challenge for Sentence Combining.” Daiker et al. Sentence- Combining: A Rhetorical Perspective. 232-45.
Faigley, Lester L. “Generative Rhetoric as a Way of Increasing Syntactic Fluency.” College Composition and Communication 30 (1979): 176-81.
—. “Problems in Analyzing Maturity in College and Adult Writing.” Daiker et al. Sentence-Combining and the Teaching of Writing. 94-100.
—. “Names in Search of a Concept: Maturity, Fluency, Complexity, and Growth in Written Syntax.” College Composition and Communication 31 (1980): 291-300.
Freedman, Aviva. “Sentence Combining: Some Questions.” Carleton Papers in Applied Language Studies 2 (1985): 17-32.
Graves, Richard L., ed. Rhetoric and Composition: A Sourcebook for Teachers. Rochelle Park, NJ: Hayden, 1976.
Gruber, William E. ” ‘Servile Copying’ and the Teaching of English Composition.” College English 39 (1977): 491-97.
Hake, Rosemary, and Joseph M. Williams. “Sentence Expanding: Not Can, or How, but When.” Daiker et al. Sentence-Combining and the Teaching of Writing. 134-46.
—. “Some Cognitive Issues in Sentence Combining: On the Theory that Smaller is Better.” Daiker et al. Sentence-Combining: A Rhetorical Perspective. 86-106.
Halloran, S. Michael. “Cicero and English Composition.” Conference on College Composition and Communication. Minneapolis. 1978.
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Hillocks, George Jr. Research on Written Composition: New Directions for Teaching. Urbana: NCTE, 1986.
Holzman, Michael. “Scientism and Sentence Combining.” College Composition and Communication 34 (1983): 73-79.
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—. “A Synopsis of Clause-to-Sentence Length Factors.” Graves 110-17.
—. “Anybody Can Teach English.” Daiker et al. Sentence-Combining and the Teaching of Writing. 149-56.
Johnson, Sabina Thorne. “Some Tentative Strictures on Generative Rhetoric.” College English 31 (1969): 155-65.
Kinneavy, James L. “Sentence Combining in a Comprehensive Language Framework.” Daiker et al. Sentence-Combining and the Teaching of Writing. 60-76.
Kerek, Andrew, Donald A. Daiker, and Max Morenberg. “Sentence Combining and College Composition.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 51 (1980): 1059-1157.
Marzano, Robert J. “The Sentence- Combining Myth.” English Journal 65 (1976): 57-59.
Mellon, John. Transformational Sentence- Combining: A Method for Enhancing the Development of Syntactic Fluency in English Composition. Urbana: NCTE, 1969.
—. “Issues in the Theory and Practice of Sentence-Combining: A Twenty-Year Perspective.” Daiker et al. Sentence- Combining and the Teaching of Writing. 1-38.
Miller, Edmund. Exercises in Style. Normal, IL: Illinois SUP, 1980.
Moffett, James . Teaching the Universe of Discourse. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968.
Morenberg, Max. “Process/Schmocess: Why Not Combine a Few Sentences?” Conference on College Composition and Communication. Chicago. March 1990. ERIC ED 319040.
—. ” ‘Come Back to the Text Ag’in, Huck Honey!'” NCTE Convention. Louisville. November 1992. ERIC ED 355557.
Morenberg, Max, Donald Daiker, and Andrew Kerek. “Sentence-Combining at the College Level: An Experimental Study.” Research in the Teaching of English 12 (1978): 245-56.
Murray, Donald. “Writing Badly to Write Well: Searching for the Instructive Line.” Daiker et al. Sentence Combining: A Rhetorical Perspective. 187-201.
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O’Donnell, Roy C., William J. Griffin, and Raymond C. Norris. Syntax of Kindergarten and Elementary School Children: A Transformational Analysis. Urbana: NCTE, 1967.
O’Hare, Frank. Sentence Combining: Improving Student Writing without Formal Grammar Instruction. Urbana: NCTE, 1973.
—. Sentencecraft. Lexington: Ginn, 1975. Rose, Shirley K. “Down From the Haymow: One Hundred Years of Sentence Combining.” College English 45 (1983): 483-91.
Rosner, Mary. “Putting ‘This and That Together’ to Question Sentence-Combining Research.” Technical Writing Teacher 11 (1984): 221-28.
Starkey, Penelope. “Imitatio Redux.” College Composition and Communication 25 (1974): 435-37.
Strong, William. “How Sentence Combining Works.” Sentence-Combining: A Rhetorical Perspective. Ed. Daiker et al: 334-50.
—. Sentence-Combining: A Composing Book. New York: Random House, 1973.
Tibbetts, A. M. “On the Practical Uses of a Grammatical System: A Note on Christensen and Johnson.” Rhetoric and Composition: A Sourcebook for Teachers. E. Richard Graves. Rochelle Park, NJ: Hayden Books, 1976. 139-49.
Walshe, R. C. “Report on a Pilot Course on the Christensen Rhetoric Program.” College English 32 (1971): 783-89.
Weathers, Winston. An Alternate Style: Options in Composition. Rochelle Park, NJ: Hayden Books, 1980.
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Wells, Susan. “Classroom Heuristics and Empiricism.” College English 39 (1977): 467-76.
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Gibson, Michelle, Martha Marinara, and Deborah Meem. “Bi, Butch, and Bar Dyke: Pedagogical Performances of Class, Gender, and Sexuality.”  CCC 52.1 (2000): 69-95.

Abstract:

Current theories of radical pedagogy stress the constant undermining, on the part of both professors and students, of fixed essential identities. This article examines the way three feminist, queer teachers of writing experience and perform their gender, class, and sexual identities. We critique both the academy’s tendency to neutralize the political aspects of identity performance and the essentialist identity politics that still inform many academic discussions.

Keywords:

ccc52.1 Identity Students Class Lesbian Butch College Pedagogy Feminism Queer Gender SexualIdentity Politics Difference Academy Essentialism

Works Cited

Budbill, David. “Roy McInnes.” Working Classics: Poems on Industrial Life. Ed. Peter Oresick and Nicholas Coles. Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1990. 30.
Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1990.
—. “Imitation and Gender Insubordination.” Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories. Ed. Diana Fuss. New York: Routledge, 1991. 13-31.
Ellsworth, Elizabeth. “Why Doesn’t this Feel Empowering? Working Through the Repressive Myths of Critical Pedagogy.” Feminisms and Critical Pedagogy. Ed. Carmen Luke and Jennifer Gore. New York: Routledge, 1992. 90-119.
Esterburg, Kristin G. ” ‘A Certain Swagger When I Walk’: Performing Lesbian Identity.” Queer Theory/Sociology. Ed. Steven Seidman. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1996. 259-79.
Fuss, Diana. Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature and Difference. New York: Routledge, 1989.
Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky, and Madeline D. Davis. Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community. New York: Penguin, 1994.
Laporte, Rita. “The Butch-Femme Question.” The Persistent Desire: A Femme-Butch Reader. Ed. Joan Nestle. Boston: Alyson, 1992. 208-19.
McNaron, Toni A. H. Poisoned Ivy: Lesbian and Gay Academics Confronting Homophobia. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1997.
Minh-Ha, Trinh. “Introduction: She, the Inappropriate( d) Other.” Discourse 8 (1986/1987): 3-9.
Nestle, Joan. “Flamboyance and Fortitude: An Introduction.” The Persistent Desire: A Femme-Butch Reader. Ed. Joan Nestle. Boston: Alyson, 1992. 13-20.
Oates, Joyce Carol. “Theft.” Ways of Reading. Ed. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford Books, 1996. 471-507.
Probyn, Elspeth. Sexing the Self: Gendered Positions in Cultural Studies. London: Routledge, 1993.
Rich, Adrienne. “When We Dead Awaken: Writing As Revision.” Ways of Reading. Ed. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford Books, 1996. 549-62.
Stein, Arlene. “All Dressed Up, But No Place to Go? Style Wars and the New Lesbianism.” The Persistent Desire: A Femme-Butch Reader. Ed. Joan Nestle. Boston: Alyson, 1992. 431-39.
Tracey, Liz, and Sydney Pokorny. So You Want to be a Lesbian? New York: St. Martin’s/Griffin, 1996.

Harris, Joseph. “Meet the New Boss, Same as the Old Boss: Class Consciousness in Composition.” CCC 52.1 (2000): 42-68.

Abstract:

I argue that we need to acknowledge how the material interests of part-time and adjunct teachers, graduate assistants, tenure-stream faculty, and administrators can come into conflict in composition in order to negotiate fairly among them. I then call on bosses and workers in composition to form a new class consciousness centered on the issue of good teaching for fair pay. I discuss how the culture of academic professionalism militates against such a consciousness, and I propose three ways to forge a more collective view of our work: involving faculty at all ranks in teaching the firstyear course, devising alternatives to tenure as a form of job security, and pressing for more direct control over staffing and curricula.

Keywords:

ccc52.1 Class Composition Writing Faculty Work English Students Interests Tenure WorkingConditions MiddleClass Bosses WPA Administration Curriculum

Works Cited

Bartholomae, David. ” Freshman English, Composition, and CCCC .” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989): 38-50.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1984.
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Crowley, Sharon. Composition in the University: Historical and Polemical Essays. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1998.
Drew, Julie. “The Discourse of Academic Reform and the Myth of the Universal Teacher-Subject.” Composition Forum 8.1 (1997): 10-20.
Ehrenreich, Barbara. Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class. New York: Harper, 1990.
“Final Report of the MLA Committee on Professional Employment.” PMLA 113 (1998): 1154-77.
Fox, Tom. Defending Access: A Critique of Standards in Higher Education. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann- Boynton/Cook, 1999.
Franklin, Phyllis. “Setting Standards: Acceptable Ratios of Full-to Part-Time Faculty Members.” MLA Newsletter (Fall 1998): 5-6.
Fussel, Paul. Class. New York: Ballantine, 1983.
Grego, Rhonda, and Nancy Thompson. ” Repositioning Remediation: Renegotiating Composition’s Work in the Academy .” College Composition and Communication 47 (1996): 62-84.
Gunner, Jeanne. “The Fate of the Wyoming Resolution: A History of Professional Seduction.” Writing Ourselves into the Story: Unheard Voices from Composition Studies. Ed. Sheryl I. Fontaine and Susan Hunter. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1993. 107-22.
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Horner, Bruce. Terms of Work for Composition: A Materialist Critique. Albany: SUNY P, 2000.
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Kovacic, Kristin. ” ‘Proud to Work for the University.’ ” Women’s Studies Quarterly (Spring/Summer 1995): 19-24.
“Making Faculty Work Visible: Reinterpreting Professional Service, Teaching, and Research in the Fields of Language and Literature.” Profession 96: 161-216.
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—. “Let’s Do the Numbers: Comp Droids and the Prophets of Doom.” Profession 1999: 96-105.
Miller, Susan. Textual Carnivals: The Politics of Composition. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1991.
Murphy, Michael. ” New Faculty for a New University: Toward a Full-Time Teaching- Intensive Faculty Track in Composition .” College Composition and Communication 52 (2000): 14-42.
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“Report of the ADE Ad Hoc Committee on Staffing.” ADE Bulletin 122 (Spring 1999): 7-26.
Roemer, Marjorie, Lucille M. Schultz, and Russel K. Durst. ” Reframing the Great Debate on First-Year Writing .” College Composition and Communication 50 (1999): 377-92.
Royer, Daniel J., and Roger Gilles. “Directed Self-Placement: An Attitude of Orientation.” College Composition and Communication 50 (1998): 54-70.
Schackner, Bill. “Colleges Farm Out: to a Degree.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 6 Sept. 1998: E8.
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Shepard, Alan, John McMillan, and Gary Tate, eds. Coming to Class: Pedagogy and the Social Class of Teachers. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann-Boynton/Cook, 1998.
Sledd, James. “Why the Wyoming Resolution Had to Be Emasculated: A History and a Quixoticism.” JAC 11 (1991): 269-81.
Soliday, Mary. “Class Dismissed.” College English 61 (1999): 731-41.
—. ” From the Margins to the Mainstream: Reconceiving Remediation .” College Composition and Communication 47 (1996): 85-100.
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Statement of Principles and Standards for the Postsecondary Teaching of Writing .” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989): 329-36.
Thompson, E. P. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage, 1966.
Trainor, Jennifer Seibel, and Amanda Godley. ” After Wyoming: Labor Practices in Two University Writing Programs .” College Composition and Communication 50 (1998): 153-81.

Murphy, Michael. “New Faculty for a New University: Toward a Full-Time Teaching-Intensive Faculty Track in Composition.” CCC 52.1 (2000): 14-42.

Abstract:

Challenging the common assumption that the rise of an instructorate unsupported to do traditional forms of research will necessarily result in an exploited academic labor force, inferior teaching, and the final triumph of anti-intellectualism and bureaucracy in academia, this article explores the ways in which the “teaching substructure” existing now in composition and rhetoric has already begun to contribute substantially to the intellectual vitality and institutional standing of the discipline.

Keywords:

ccc52.1 Faculty Composition Teaching PartTimeFaculty Work Research University SCrowley Academia Bureaucracy Labor HigherEducation

Works Cited

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Gappa, Judith M., and David Leslie. The Invisible Faculty: Improving the Status of Part-Timers in Higher Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993.
Harris, Joseph. A Teaching Subject: Composition since 1966. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1997.
—. ” Meet the New Boss, Same as the Old Boss: Class Consciousness in Composition .” College Composition and Communication 52 (2000): 43-68.
Miller, Richard E. “Undermining Expertise: The Future of Employment in the Twilight of the Professions.” Paper delivered at the Thomas R. Watson Conference, October 10, 1996.
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Schell, Eileen. Gypsy Academics and Mother-Teachers: Gender, Contingent Labor, and Writing Instruction. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann- Boynton/Cook, 1998.
Sledd, James. “Why the Wyoming Resolution Had to Be Emasculated: A History and a Quixotism.” Journal of Advanced Composition 11 (1991): 269-81.
Sullivan, Francis J., Arabella Lyon, Dennis Lebofsky, Susan Wells, and Eli Goldblatt. ” Student Needs and Strong Composition: The Dialectics of Writing Program Reform .” College Composition and Communication 48 (1997): 372-91.
Trainor, Jennifer Seibel, and Amanda Godley. ” After Wyoming: Labor Practices in Two University Writing Programs .” College Composition and Communication 50 (1998): 153-81.
Wilson, Robin. “Georgia State U. Cuts Some Part-Time Positions to Add 65 Full-Time Faculty Jobs.” Chronicle of Higher Education 45.40 (June 11, 1999): A18.
Zebroski, James T. Writing Class: The Working Class Struggles for Composition and Rhetoric. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann- Boynton/Cook, forthcoming.

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