Atwill, Janet M. Rev. of On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse by Aristotle and George A. Kennedy. CCC 44.1 (1993): 93-95.
Daniell, Beth. Rev. of Rhetoric and Irony: Western Literacy and Western Lies by C. Jan Swearingen. CCC 44.1 (1993): 95-99.
Calderonello, Alice. Rev. of Composition and Resistance by C. Mark Hurlbert and Michael Blitz. CCC 44.1 (1993): 99-101.
McAlexander, Patricia J. Rev. of Written Language Disorders: Theory into Practice by Ann M. Bain, Laura Lyons Bailet and Louisa Cook Moates; Faking It: A Look into the Mind of a Creative Learner by Christopher M. Lee and Rosemary F. Jackson. CCC 44.1 (1993): 101-103.
Bloom, Lynn Z. Rev. of Reading and Writing the Self: Autobiography in Education and the Curriculum by Robert J. Graham. CCC 44.1 (1993): 103-105.
Ashton-Jones, Evelyn. Rev. of Rethinking Writing by Peshe C. Kuriloff; About Writing: A Rhetoric for Advanced Writers by Kristin R. Woolever; Successful Writing by Maxine Hairston; Fact and Artifact: Writing Nonfiction by Lynn Z. Bloom; Process, Form, and Substance: A Rhetoric for Advanced Writers by Richard M. Coe. CCC 44.1 (1993): 105-111.
Sheridan, Daniel. Rev. of Beginning Writing Groups. CCC 44.1 (1993): 111-112.
Brookes, Gerry H. “Town Meetings: A Strategy for including Speaking in a Writing Classroom.” CCC 44.1 (1993): 88-92.
Abstract:
Keywords:
ccc44.1 Students Writing Speaker Course TownMeetings Speaking Speech Strategy Discussion Topics Experience
-
Works Cited
- James, William. “On a Certain Blindness in Human Beings.” The Writings of William James. Ed. John J. McDermott. New York: Random, 1967.629-45.
- Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. Metaphors we Live By. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1980.
- McClish, Glen. “Controversy as a Mode of Invention: The Example of James and Freud.” College English 53 (1991): 391-402.
- Moffett, James. Active voice: A Writing Program Across the Curriculum. Upper Montclair: Boynton/Cook,1981.
- Rose, Mike. Lives on the Boundary: The Struggles and Achievements of America’s Underprepared. New York: Free, 1989.
- Tannen, Deborah. You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: Morrow, 1990.
Dutton, Sandra and Holly Fils-Aime. “Bringing the Literary Magazine into the Classroom.” CCC 44.1 (1993): 84-87.
Abstract:
Keywords:
ccc44.1 Students LiteraryMagazine Teachers Classrooms Assignments Journal Campus Gridlock
No works cited.
Mansfield, Margaret A. “Real World Writing and the English Curriculum.” CCC 44.1 (1993): 69-83.
Abstract:
Keywords:
ccc44.1 Writing Students Audience World Writers Classrooms Collaboration Experience Memos ProfessionalWriting Assignments RealWorld Curriculum English
-
Works Cited
- Brereton, John. “Professional Writing Meets Rhetoric and Composition.” Ronald and Roskelly 71-85.
- Britton, James. “The Composing Processes and the Functions of Writing.” Research on Composing: Points of Departure. Ed. Charles R. Cooper and Lee Odell. Urbana: NCTE, 1978. 13-28.
- Couture, Barbara, and Jone Rymer. “Interactive Writing on the Job: Definitions and Implications of ‘Collaboration.'” Kogen 73-93.
- Daiker, Donald A., and Max Morenberg, eds. The Writing Teacher as &searcher: Essays in the Theory and Practice of Class-Based Research. Portsmouth: Boynton/Cook, 1990.
- Elbow, Peter. “Closing My Eyes As I Speak: An Argument for Ignoring Audience.” College English 49 (Jan. 1987): 50-69.
- Kogen, Myra, ed. Writing in the Business Professions. Urbana: NCTE and the Association for Business Communication, 1989.
- Lunsford, Andrea A. “The Case for Collaboration-in Theory, Research, and Practice.” Daiker and Morenberg 52-60.
- Moffett, James. Teaching the Universe of Discourse. 1968. Boston: Houghton, 1983. Nelson, Cary, ed. Theory in the Classroom. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1986.
- Perelman, Les. “The Context of Classroom Writing.” College English 48 (Sep. 1986): 471-79.
- Reither, James A., and Douglas Vipond. “Writing as Collaboration.” College English 51 (Dec. 1989): 855-67.
- Ronald, Kate, and Hephzibah Roskelly, eds. Farther Along: Transforming Dichotomies in Rhetoric and Composition. Portsmouth: Boynton/Cook, 1990.
- Selzer, Jack. “Critical Inquiry in a Technical Writing Course.” Daiker and Morenberg 188-218.
- Smith, Louise Z., ed. Audits of Meaning: A Festschrift in Honor of Ann E. Berthoff. Portsmouth: Boynton/Cook, 1988.
Jones, Robert and Joseph J. Comprone. “Where Do We Go Next in Writing across the Curriculum?” CCC 44.1 (1993): 59-68.
Abstract:
Keywords:
ccc44.1 WAC Writing Program Research Disciplines Faculty Courses Program Conventions Engineering WritingToLearn Pedagogy
-
Works Cited
- Bazerman, Charles. “The Second Stage in Writing Across the Curriculum.” College English 53 (Feb. 1991): 209-12.
- —. Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1988. -, ed. Textual Dynamics of the Profession. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1991.
- Berkenkotter, Carol. “Paradigm Debates, Turf Wars, and the Conduct of Sociocognitive Inquiry in Composition.” CCC 42 (May 1991): 151-69.
- Brown, Carol. “A History and Critique of Writing Across the Curriculum.” Master’s Thesis. Michigan Technological U, 1991.
- Comprone, Joseph J. “Generic Constraints and Expressive Motives: Rhetorical Perspectives on Textual Problems.” The Social Perspective in Professional Communication. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, forthcoming.
- Flynn, Elizabeth, and Robert Jones, with Diane Shoos and Bruce Barna. “Michigan Technological University.” Programs that Work. Ed. Toby Fulwiler and Art Young. Portsmouth: Boynton/Cook, 1990: 163-80.
- Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Trans. by Myra Bergman Ramos. New York: Seabury, 1970.
- Fulwiler, Toby, and Art Young. Introduction and Afterword. Programs That Work: Models and Methods for Writing Across the Curriculum. Ed. Fulwiler and Young. Portsmouth: Boynton/Cook, 1990. 1-8; 287-94.
- —, ed. Language Connections: Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum. Portsmouth: Boynton/Cook, 1982.
- —, ed. Writing Across the Disciplines: Research into Practice. Portsmouth: Boynton/Cook, 1986.
- Jolliffe, David. Advances in Writing Research: Writing in Academic Disciplines. Norwood: Ablex, 1988.
- Koen, Billy Vaughn. “Toward a Definition of the Engineering Method.” Engineering Education 75 (1984): 150-55.
- Maimon, Elaine. “Collaborative Learning and Writing Across the Curriculum.” Writing Program Administration 9 (1986): 9-15.
- McLeod, Susan. Strengthening Programs for Writing Across the Curriculum. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988.
- —. “Writing Across the Curriculum: The Second Stage, and Beyond.” CCC 40 (Oct. 1989): 337-43.
- Morris, Barbara S. Disciplinary Perspectives on Thinking and Writing. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan Composition Board, 1989.
- Moss, Andrew, and Carol Holder. Improving Student Writing: A Guidebook for Faculty in All Disciplines. Pomona: California State Polytechnic U, 1988. (Distributed by Kendall/Hunt Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa.)
- Russell, David R. Writing in the Academic Disciplines, 1870-1990: A Curricular History. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1991.
- Trimmer, Joseph. Rev. of Programs that Work, ed. Toby Fulwiler and Art Young, and Disciplinary Perspectives on Thinking and Writing, by Barbara Morris. CCC 41 (Dec. 1990): 482-83.
- White, Edward. “Shallow Roots or Taproots for Writing Across the Curriculum.” Association of Departments of English Bulletin 98 (Spring 1991): 29-33.
Pemberton, Michael A. “Modeling Theory and Composing Process Models.” CCC 44.1 (1993): 40-58.
Abstract:
Keywords:
ccc44.1 Models Writing Cognitive Process Composition Data Theory Research LFlower JHayes Epistemology Paradigm
-
Works Cited
- Achinstein, Peter. “Theoretical Models.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 16 (Aug. 1965): 102-20.
- Apostel, Leo. “Towards the Formal Study of Models in the Non-Formal Sciences.” Synthese 12 (Sep. 1960): 125-61.
- Bazerman, Charles. “A Relationship between Reading and Writing: The Conversational Model.” College English 41 (Feb. 1980): 656-61.
- Beaugrande, Robert de. Text Production: Toward a Science of Composition. Notwood: Ablex, 1984.
- Bereiter, Carl, and Marlene Scardamalia. The Psychology of Written Composition. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1987.
- Berkenkotter, Carol. “Decisions and Revisions: The Planning Strategies of a Publishing Writer.” CCC 34 (May 1983): 156-69.
- Berlin, James A. Rhetoric and Reality: Writing Instruction in American Colleges, 1900- 1985. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1987.
- Berthoff, Ann E. “The Problem of Problem Solving.” CCC 22 (Oct. 1971): 237-42.
- Bizzell, Patricia. “Cognition, Convention, and Certainty: What We Need to Know about Writing.” Pre/Text 3 (Fall 1982): 213-43.
- Black, Max. Models and Metaphors. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1962.
- Braithwaite, Richard B. Scientific Explanation. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1959.
- Brand, Alice G. The Psychology of Writing: The Affective Experience. New York: Greenwood P, 1989.
- —. “The Why of Cognition: Emotion and the Writing Process.” CCC 38 (Dec. 1987): 436-43.
- Bruffee, Kenneth. “Collaborative Learning and the ‘Conversation of Mankind.”’ College English 46 (Nov. 1984): 635-52.
- Bunge, Mario. Method, Model and Matter. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1973.
- Carter, Michael. “The Idea of Expertise: An Exploration of Cognitive and Social Dimensions of Writing.” CCC 41 (Oct. 1990): 265-86.
- Connors, Robert J. “Composition Studies and Science.” College English 45 (Jan. 1983): 1-20.
- Cooper, Charles R., and Ann Matsuhashi. “A Theory of the Writing Process.” The Psychology of Writing: A Developmental Approach. Ed. Margaret Martlew. London: Wiley, 1982. 3-39.
- Cooper, Marilyn, and Michael Holzman. “Reply by Marilyn Cooper and Michael Holzman.” CCC 36 (Feb. 1985): 97-100.
- —. “Talking about Protocols.” CCC 34 (Oct. 1983): 284-93.
- Crapanzano, Vincent. “Hermes’ Dilemma: The Masking of Subversion in Ethnographic Description.” Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Anthropology. Ed. James Clifford and George E. Marcus. Berkeley: U of California P, 1986. 51-76.
- Dobrin, David N. “Protocols Once More.” College English 48 (Nov. 1986): 713-25.
- Duhem, Pierre. The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. 1914. Trans. P. Wiener. New York: Athenum, 1954.
- Elbow, Peter. “Closing My Eyes as I Speak: An Argument for Ignoring Audience.” College English 49 (Jan. 1987): 50-69.
- Emig, Janet. “Inquiry Paradigms and Writing.” CCC 33 (Feb. 1982): 64-75.
- Faigley, Lester. “Competing Theories of Process: A Critique and a Proposal.” College English 48 (Oct. 1986): 527-42.
- Faust, David. The Limits of Scientific Reasoning. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1984.
- Flower, Linda. “Cognition, Context, and Theory Building.” CCC 40 (Oct. 1989): 282-311.
- Flower, Linda, and John Hayes. “A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing.” CCC 32 (Dec. 1981): 365-87.
- —. “Response to Marilyn Cooper and Michael Holzman, ‘Talking about Protocols.”’ CCC 36 (Feb. 1985): 94-97.
- Flower, Linda, et al. “Detection, Diagnosis, and the Strategies of Revision.” CCC 37 (Feb. 1986): 16-55.
- Geertz, Clifford. “Being There: Anthropology and the Scene of Writing.” Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author. Stanford: Stanford Up, 1988. 1-24.
- Goetz, Judith P., and Margaret D. LeCompte. Ethnography and Qualitative Design in Educational &search. Orlando: Academic, 1984.
- Gould, John D. “Experiments on Composing Letters: Some Facts, Some Myths and Some Observations.” Cognitive Processes in Writing. Ed. Lee w: Gregg and Erwin R. Steinberg. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1980. 97-127.
- Hairston, Maxine. “The Winds of Change: Thomas Kuhn and the Revolution in the Teaching of Writing.” CCC 33 (Feb. 1982): 76-88.
- Harre, Rom. The Principles of Scientific Thinking. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1970.
- Hayes, John R., and Linda S. Flower. “Identifying the Organization of Writing Processes.” Cognitive Processes in Writing. Ed. Lee W. Gregg and Erwin R. Steinberg. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1980. 3-30.
- —. “Writing as Problem Solving.” Visible Language 14.4 (1980): 388-99.
- Herndl, Carl G. “Writing Ethnography: Representation, Rhetoric, and Institutional Practices.” College English 53 (Mar. 1991): 320-32.
- Hesse, Mary. “Models versus Paradigms in the Natural Sciences.” The Use of Models in the Social Sciences. Ed. L. Collins. Boulder: Westview, 1976. 1-15.
- Irmscher, William F. “Finding a Comfortable Identity.” CCC 38 (Feb. 1987): 81-87.
- Kuhn, Thomas S. “Second Thoughts on Paradigms.” The Structure of Scientific Theories. Ed. Frederick Suppe. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1974.459-99.
- Laudan, Larry. Science and Relativism: Some Key Controversies in the Philosophy of Science. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1990.
- Lauer, Janice. “Heuristics and Composition.” CCC 23 (Dec. 1970): 396-404.
- Marcus, George, and Michael M.J. Fischer. Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1986.
- McLeod, Susan. “Some Thoughts about Feelings: The Affective Domain and the Writing Process.” CCC 38 (Dec. 1987): 426-35.
- Murray, Donald M. “Response of a Laboratory Rat-or, Being Protocoled.” CCC 34 (May 1983): 169-72.
- North, Stephen. The Making of Knowledge in Composition: Portrait of an Emerging Field. Upper Montclair: Boynton/Cook, 1987.
- Rosaldo, Renato. “Where Objectivity Lies: The Rhetoric of Anthropology.” The Rhetoric of the Human Sciences: Language and Argument in Scholarship and Human Affairs. Ed. John S. Nelson, Allan Megill, and Donald N. McCloskey. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1987. 87-110.
- Rose, Mike. ” Narrowing the Mind and Page: Remedial Writers and Cognitive Reductionism .” CCC 39 (Oct. 1988): 267-302.
- Scardamalia, Marlene, and Carl Bereiter. “Knowledge Telling and Knowledge Transforming in Written Composition.” Reading, Writing and Language Learning. Vol. 2 of Advances in Applied Psycholinquistics. Ed. Sheldon Rosenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1987. 142-75.
- Schriver, Karen A. “Theory Building in Rhetoric and Composition: The Role of Empirical Scholarship.” Rhetoric Review 7 (Spring 1989): 272-88.
- Steinberg, Erwin R. “Protocols, Retrospective Reports, and the Stream of Consciousness.” College English 48 (Nov. 1986): 697-712.
- Stotsky, Sandra. “On Planning and Writing Plans-Or Beware of Borrowed Theories!” CCC 41 (Feb. 1990): 37-57.
- Suppes, Patrick. Studies in the Methodology and Foundations of Science. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1969.
- “Theory in Communication: Panel and Workshop Report.” CCC 9 (Oct. 1958): 170-71.
Killingsworth, M. Jimmie. “Product and Process, Literacy and Orality: An Essay on Composition and Culture.” CCC 44.1 (1993): 26-39.
Abstract:
Keywords:
ccc44.1 Writing Process Literacy Orality Composition Culture Students Pedagogy Teachers Classrooms SecondaryOrality KBruffee PElbow JBerlin
-
Works Cited
- Bell, Elizabeth S. “Basic Writers and the Value of Collaboration: Lessons from an Experiment in Oral Composing.” The Writing Instructor 6 (Fall 1986): 31-37.
- Berlin, James. “Rhetoric and Ideology in the Writing Class.” College English 50 (Sep. 1988): 477-94.
- —. Rhetoric and Reality: Writing Instruction in American Colleges, 1900-1985. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1987.
- —. Writing Instruction in Nineteenth-Century American Colleges. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1984.
- Bruffee, Kenneth. “Collaborative Learning: Some Practical Models.” College English 34 (Feb. 1973): 634-43.
- Coles, William E., Jr. “The Teaching of Writing as Writing.” College English 29 (Nov. 1967): 111-16.
- Deemer, Charles. “English Composition as a Happening.” College English 29 (Nov. 1967): 121-26.
- Elbow, Peter. “A Method for Teaching Writing.” College English 30 (Nov. 1968): 115-25.
- —. Writing without Teachers. New York: Oxford UP, 1973.
- Emig, Janet. The Composing Processes of Twelfth Graders. Urbana: NCTE, 1971.
- Faigley, Lester. “Competing Theories of Process: A Critique and a Proposal.” College English 48 (Oct. 1986): 527-42.
- Flower, Linda, and John R. Hayes. “A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing.” CCC 32 (Dec. 1981): 365-87.
- Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Trans. Myra Bergman Ramos. New York: Continuum, 1990.
- Gere, Anne Ruggles. Writing Groups. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1987.
- Graff, Harvey J. The Legacies of Literacy. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1987.
- Greenbaum, Leonard A., and Rudolf B. Schmerl. “A Team Learning Approach to Freshman English.” College English 29 (Nov. 1967): 135-52.
- Hairston, Maxine. “The Winds of Change: Thomas Kuhn and the Revolution in the Teaching of Writing.” CCC 33 (Feb. 1982): 76-88.
- Halloran, S. Michael. “From Rhetoric to Composition: The Teaching of Writing in America to 1900.” A Short History of Writing Instruction from Ancient Greece to Twentieth-Century America. Ed. James J. Murphy. Davis: Hermagoras, 1990. 151-82.
- Harris, Muriel. Teaching One-to-One: The Writing Conference. Urbana: NCTE, 1986.
- Hawisher, Gail E., and Cynthia L. Selfe. ” The Rhetoric of Technology and the Electronic Writing Class .” CCC 42 (Feb. 1991): 55-65.
- Hunter, Lynette. “A Rhetoric of Mass Communication: Collective or Corporate Public Discourse.” Oral and Written Communication: Historical Approaches. Ed. Richard Leo Enos. Newbury Park: Sage, 1990. 216-61.
- Illich, Ivan. Tools for Conviviality. New York: Harper, 1973.
- Larson, Richard L. “Discovery through Questioning: A Plan for Teaching Rhetorical Invention.” College English 30 (Nov. 1969): 126-34.
- Matalene, Carolyn B., ed. Worlds of Writing: Teaching and Learning in Discourse Communities at Work. New York: Random, 1989.
- McLuhan, Marshall. The Gutenberg Galaxy. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1962.
- Murray, Donald M. A Writer Teaches Writing. Boston: Houghton, 1968.
- Myers, David. “The Origins of Creative Writing.” Unpublished paper, 1990.
- Nern, Michael G. “How I Avoided Becoming a Victim of the Process Approach.” Technical Writing Teacher 18 (Winter 1991): 81-84.
- Noble, David F. America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism. New York: Oxford UP, 1977.
- North, Stephen M. The Making of Knowledge in Composition: Portrait of an Emerging Field. Portsmouth: Boynton/Cook, 1987.
- Ochsner, Robert S. Physical Eloquence and the Biology of Writing. Albany: State U of New York P, 1990.
- Ohmann, Richard. “Literacy, Technology, and Monopoly Capital.” College English 47(Nov. 1985): 675-89.
- Ong, Walter J. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Methuen, 1982.
- Popper, Karl R. The Open Society and Its Enemies. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1966.
- Pumphrey, Jean. ‘Teaching English as a Creative Art.” College English 34 (Feb. 1973): 666-73.
- Scholes, Robert. Textual Power: Literary Theory and the Teaching of English. New Haven: Yale UP, 1985.
- Shaughnessy, Mina. Errors and Expectations: A Guide for the Teacher of Basic Writing. New York: Oxford UP, 1977.
- Sheils, Merrill. “Why Johnny Can’t Write.” Speaking of Words: A Language Reader. Ed. James MacKillop and Donna Woolfolk Cross. New York: Holt, 1978. 2-7.
- Tannen, Deborah. “The Myth of Orality and Literacy.” Linguistics and Literacy. Ed. William Frawley. New York: Plenum, 1982. 37-50.
- Welch, Kathleen E. “Electrifying Classical Rhetoric: Ancient Media, Modern Technology, and Contemporary Composition.” Journal of Advanced Composition 10 (Winter 1990): 22-38.
Wolcott, Willa. ” Writing Instruction and Assessment: The Need for Interplay between Process and Product .” CCC 38 (Feb. 1987): 40-46. - Young, Richard E. “Paradigms and Problems: Needed Research in Rhetorical Invention.” Research on Composing: Points of Departure. Ed. Charles C. Cooper and Lee Odell. Urbana: NCTE, 1978. 29-48.
- Zoellner, Robert. “Talk-Write: A Behavioral Pedagogy for Composition.” College English 30 (Jan. 1969): 267-320.
Cook, William W. “Writing in the Spaces Left.” CCC 44.1 (1993): 9-25.
Abstract:
Keywords:
ccc44.1 ChairsAddress FDouglass REllison Narrative Texts Voice Oratory SlaveNarratives Power Book Name Action Freedom
-
Works Cited
- Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Bantam, 1970.
- Bhabha, Homi K. Nation and Narration. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.
- Bingham, Caleb. The Columbian Orator. Troy: William S. Parker, 1821.
- Blassingame, John. Slave Testimony. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1977.
- Cornelius, Janet D. When I Can Read My Title Clear. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1991.
- Douglass, Frederick. The Heroic Slave. Rpt. in Three Classic Afro-American Novels. Ed. William L. Andrews. New York: Penguin, 1990. 22-69.
- —. The Narrative and Selected Writings. New York: Modern Library, 1984.
- Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. New York: Vintage, 1972.
- —. Shadow and Act. New York: Vintage, 1966.
- Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Volume 9. Ed. William H. Gilman. Cambridge: Belknap P, 1971.
- —. Letters and Social Aims. Boston: Houghton, 1884.
- Equiano,Olaudah. The Lift of Olaudah Equiano. Gates 1-182.
- Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., ed. Classic Slave Narratives. New York: New American Library, 1987.
- Gerald, John Bart, and George Blecher, eds. Survival Prose. Indianapolis and New York: Bobbs Merrill, 1971.
- McFeeley, William S. Frederick Douglass. New York: Norton, 1990.
- Martin, John Sella. “Sella Martin.” Blassingame 702-35.
- Matsen, Patricia, Philip Rollinson, and Marion Sousa, eds. Readings from Classical Rhetoric. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1990.
- Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: New American Library, 1988.
- O’Meally, Robert G. “Frederick Douglass’ 1845 Narrative.” Afro-American Literature: The Reconstruction of Instruction. Ed. Dexter Fisher and Robert Stepto. New York: MLA, 1979. 192-211.
- Petry, Ann. The Street. Boston: Beacon P, 1946.
- Reed, Ishmael, ed. 19 Necromancers from Now. Garden City: Doubleday, 1970.
- —. “When State Magicians Fail.” Gerald and Blecher 151-63.
- Renan, Ernest. “What Is a Nation?” Bhabha 8-22.
- Scruggs, Charles. The Sage in Harlem: H.L. Mencken and the Black Writers of the 1920s. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1984.
- Wright, Richard. Black Boy: A Record of Childhood and Youth. New York: Harper, 1966.
- Youngblood, Shay. Big Mama Stories. Ithaca: Firebrand, 1989.
- —. “Shakin’ the Mess Outta Misery.” Unpublished manuscript.