College Composition and Communication, Vol. 38, No. 4, December 1987

Click here to view the individual articles in this issue at http://www.ncte.org/cccc/ccc/issues/v38-4

Appleby, Bruce C., and Stephen A. Bernhardt. Rev. of Writing with HBJ Writer by Lisa Gerrard; A Writer’s Introduction to Word Processing by Christine Hult and Jeanette Harris; Processing Words: Writing and Revising on a Microcomputer by Bruce L. Edwards, Jr.; Textfiles: A Rhetoric for Word Processing by Ronald A. Sudol. CCC 38.4 (1987): 478-483.

Rev. of Writing at Century’s End: Essays on Computer-Assisted Composition by Lisa Gerrard. CCC 38.4 (1987): 483-484.

Bizzell, Patricia. Rev. of Invention as a Social Act by Karen Burke LeFevre. CCC 38.4 (1987): 485-486.

Warnock, John. Rev. of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know by E. D. Hirsch, Jr. CCC 38.4 (1987): 486-490.

Stewart, Donald C. Rev. of Longman Bibliography of Composition and Rhetoric: 1984-1985 by Erika Lindemann. CCC 38.4 (1987): 490-491.

MacDonald, Susan Peck. Rev. of Writing by Elizabeth Cowan Neeld. CCC 38.4 (1987): 491-492.

Bizzaro, Patrick and Stuart Werner. “Collaboration of Teacher and Counselor in Basic Writing.” CCC 38.4 (1987): 458-461.

Ruszkiewicz, John J. “Training Teachers Is a Process Too.” CCC 38.4 (1987): 461-464.

Harris, Jeanette. “Proofreading: A Reading/Writing Skill.” CCC 38.4 (1987): 464-466.

Loux, Ann. “Using Imitations in Literature Classes.” CCC 38.4 (1987): 466-472.

Whitehill, Sharon. “Using the Journal for Discovery: Two Devices.” CCC 38.4 (1987): 472-474.

Liszka, Thomas R. “Formulating a Thesis for Essays Employing Comparison.” CCC 38.4 (1987): 474-477.

Schwartz, Helen J., and Lillian S. Bridwell-Bowles. “A Selected Bibliography on Computers in Composition: An Update.” CCC 38.4 (1987): 453-457.

Abstract:

This bibliography updates the 1984 CCC bibliography on computers in composition. All the material in the bibliography was published between 1984 and 1987.

Keywords:

ccc38.4 Computers Writing WordProcessing Bibliography CAI Research Instruction

No works cited.

Corbett, Edward P. J. “Teaching Composition: Where We’ve Been and Where We’re Going.” CCC 38.4 (1987): 444-452.

Abstract:

This is the second personal perspective essays published in CCC, and in it, Corbett surveys the direction the field has gone during his academic career. He points at the enhanced professionalism of compositionists, the growth of the graduate programs, the increase in published books on the history, practice, and theory of composition, special conferences in specific sub-topics in the field, and the growth of new journals and new research practices to report in those journals. He also details the changes he’s seen in the teaching of composition, specifically more attention paid to technical and business writing, writing across the curriculum initiatives, English as a second language, the development of cognitive skills in students, and the writing process. He warns teachers, though, that they must constantly evaluate how they teach to make sure they are doing everything possible to help their students be better writers.

Keywords:

ccc38.4 Composition Rhetoric Teachers Teaching Writing University Students Courses Conferences Articles Texts Research Conventions Professionalism Publication

No works cited.

Brand, Alice G. “The Why of Cognition: Emotion and the Writing Process.” CCC 38.4 (1987): 436-443.

Abstract:

Brand accuses the field of side-stepping the importance of the affect in the composing process and asserts that the affect plays a central role in writing, as writing is an act of decision making, choices, and motivation, all which derive from affect, not cognition. She contests the notion that the best writing is emotionally neutral, citing that as humans, we have moral orientations and beliefs that result in commitments that are not disposable. Pure cognitive research in writing has its limits, and in order to fully understand the writing process, researchers must look for the connection and collaboration between the emotion and cognition in writing.

Keywords:

ccc38.4 Writing Cognitive Affect Process Students Models Emotions Motivation Thinking Writers Research Language LFlower Memory Ideas

Works Cited

Brand, Alice G. “Hot Cognition: Emotions and Writing Behavior.” Journal of Advanced Composition 6 (1985): forthcoming. ERIC ED 236 677.

—. Therapy in Writing: A Psycho-educational Enterprise. Lexington, MA: Heath, 1980.

Britton, James, et al. The Development of Writing Abilities 11-18. London: Macmillan Education, 1975.

Clark, Herbert, and Eve Clark. Psychology and Language. New York: Harcourt, 1977.

Cooper, Marilyn, and Michael Holzman. “Talking about Protocols.” CCC 34 (1983): 284-93.

Denman, M. E. “Personality Changes Concomitant with Learning Writing.” Research in the Teaching of English 15 (1981): 170-71.

Dreyfus, Hubert L. What Computers Can’t Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Harper, 1979.

Erikson, Erik H. identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton, 1968.

Flower, Linda. Problem-Solving Strategies for Writing. 2nd ed. San Diego: Harcourt, 1985.

Flower, Linda, et al. “Detection, Diagnosis, and the Strategies of Revision.” CCC 37 (1986): 16-55.

Flower, Linda, and John R. Hayes. “A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing.” CCC 32 (1981): 365-87.

—. “Images, Plans and Prose: The Representation of Meaning in Writing.” Written Communication 1 (1984): 120-60.

Freedman, Sarah W., Ann H. Dyson, and Linda Flower. “The Center for the Study of Writing: The Mission of the Center.” The Quarterly of the National Writing Project and The Center for the Study of Writing 8 (1986): 1-5.

Glatthorn, Allan. Writing in the Schools. Reston, V A: National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1981.

Goldberg, Marilyn. “Recovering and Discovering Treasures of the Mind.” The Writer’s Mind: Writing as a Mode of Thinking. Ed. J. N. Hays, et al. Urbana, 11: NCTE, 1983. 35-42.

Gregg, Lee W., and Erwin R. Steinberg. Cognitive Processes in Writing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1980.

Jensen, George H., and John K. DiTiberio. “Personality and Individual Writing Processes.” CCC 35 (1984): 285-300.

Hunt, Morton. “How the Mind Works.” The New York Times Magazine 24 Jan. 1982: 29.

Kohlberg, Lawrence. “The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Moral Education.” Phi Delta Kappan (1975): 670-77.

Krathwohl, David R., Benjamin S. Bloom, and Bertram B. Masia. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook 2: Affective Domain. New York: David McKay, 1964.

Langer, Suzanne K. Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling. Vol. I. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1967.

Murray, Donald. “Internal Revision: A Process of Discovery.” Research on Composing: Points of Departure. Ed. Charles Cooper and Lee Odell. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1978. 85-103.

—. A Writer Teaches Writing: A Practical Method of Teaching Composition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968.

Neisser, Ulric. “The Limits of Cognition.” The Nature of Thought: Essays in Honor of D. O. Hebb. Ed. Peter W. Jusczyk and Raymond M. Klein. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1980. 115-32.

Perry, William Jr. Forms of intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years. New York: Holt, 1970.

Petrosky, Anthony. Rev. of Problem-Solving Strategies for Writing, by Linda Flower. CCC 34 (1983): 233-35.

Piaget, Jean. The Language and Thought of the Child. Trans. Marjorie Warden. London: K. Paul Trench, Trubner; New York: Harcourt, 1926.

Plutchik, Robert, and Henry Kellerman, eds. Theories of Emotion. Vol. 1 of Emotions: Theory, Research and Experience. New York: Academic Press, 1980.

Polanyi, Michael. Personal Knowledge: Toward a Post-Critical Philosophy. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1958.

Scardamalia, Marlene, and Carl Bereiter. “Assimilative Processes in Composition Planning.” Educational Psychologist 17 (1982): 165-71.

Searle, John. Minds, Brains, and Science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1984.

Selzer, Jack. “Exploring Options in Composing.” CCC 35 (1984): 276-84.

Vygotsky, Lev. Thought and Language. Ed. and Trans. E. Hanfmann and G. Vakav. New York and Cambridge, MA: MIT Press and John Wiley.

Wilkinson, Andrew, et al. Assessing Language Development. Oxford Studies in Education. Oxford, England: Oxford UP, 1980.

Winter, David D., David C. McClelland, and Abigail J. Stewart. A New Case for the Liberal Arts. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981.

McLeod, Susan. “Some Thoughts about Feelings: The Affective Domain and the Writing Process.” CCC 38.4 (1987): 426-435.

Abstract:

McLeod writes that composition studies would benefit from more research on the emotional or affective aspect of writing as it relates to writing anxiety, motivation, and cultural and personal beliefs about writing. She proposes a theory of affect based on George Mandler from which to study these three areas. She claims that it is impossible to write without triggering some emotions, and instructors should help their students channel their emotions so that they enable them during the writing process instead of impede them.

Keywords:

ccc38.4 Writing Students Research Writers Cognitive Success Failure Process Affect Anxiety Beliefs Emotions Theory Plans Studies

Works Cited

Bloom, B. S., and 1. J. Broder. Problem-Solving Processes of College Students. Chicago: U. of Chicago P, 1950.

Bloom, Lynn Z. “Anxious Writers in Context: Graduate School and Beyond.” When a Writer Can’t Write. Ed. Mike Rose. New York: Guilford Press, 1985. 119-33.

Brand, Alice G. “Hot Cognition: Emotion and Writing Behavior.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Conference on College Composition and Communication. Detroit, MI, 17 -19 Mar. 1983. ERIC ED 236 677.

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihali. Beyond Boredom and Anxiety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1975.

Daly, J. A. “The Effects of Writing Apprehension on Message Encoding.” Journalism Quarterly 54 (1977): 566-72.

—. “Writing Apprehension.” When a Writer Can’t Write. Ed. Mike Rose. New York: Guilford Press, 1985. 43-82.

Daly, J. A., and M. D. Miller. “Further Studies in Writing Apprehension: SAT Scores, Success, Expectations, Willingness to Take Advanced Courses, and Sex Differences.” Research in the Teaching of English 9 (1975): 250-56.

Derry, Sharon J., and Debra A. Murphy. “Designing Systems that Train Learning Ability: From Theory to Practice.” Review of Educational Research 56 (1986): 1-39.

Dweck, C. S., and T. E. Goetz. “Attributions and Learned Helplessness.” New Directions in Attribution Research. Ed. J. H. Harvey et al. Vol 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1978.

Faigley, Lester, et al. Assessing Writers’ Knowledge and Processes of Composing. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1985.

Farmer, Mary. “Toward a New Description of Writing: A Working Paper.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Conference on College Composition and Communication. New Orleans, 13-15 Mar. 1986.

Flower, Linda, and John Hayes. “The Dynamics of Composing: Making Plans and Juggling Constraints.” Cognitive Processes in Writing. Ed. Lee Gregg and Erwin Steinberg. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1980. 31-50.

—. “Plans that Guide the Composing Process.” Writing: The Nature, Development, and Teaching of Written Communication. Ed. Carl H. Frederiksen and Joseph F. Dominic. Vol. 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1981. 39-58.

Hayes, John, and Linda Flower. “Identifying the Organization of Writing Processes.” Cognitive Processes in Writing. Ed. Lee Gregg and Erwin Steinberg. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1980. 3-30.

Ickes, W., and M. A. Layden. “Attributional Styles.” New Directions in Attribution Research. Ed. J. H. Harvey et al. Vol 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1978.

Jeroski, S. F., and R. F. Conry. “Development and Field Application Of the Attitude Toward Writing Scale.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Los Angeles, 13-17 Apr. 1981.

Johnson, J. E., and H. Leventhal. “Effects of Accurate Expectations and Behavioral Instructions on Reaction During a Noxious Medical Examination.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29 (1974): 710-18.

Larson, Reed. “Emotional Scenarios in the Writing Process: An Examination of Young Writers’ Affective Experiences.” When a Writer Can’t Write. Ed. Mike Rose. New York: Guilford, 1985. 19-42.

Mandler, George. “Helplessness: Theory and Research in Anxiety.” Anxiety: Current Trends in Theory and Research. Ed. C. D. Spielberger. Vol. III. New York: Academic Press, 1972. 359-74.

—. Mind and Body: Psychology of Emotion and Stress. New York: Norton, 1984.

McCarthy, Parricia, Scott Meier, and Regina Rinderer. “Self-Efficacy and Writing: A Different View of Self-Evaluation.” CCC 36 (1985): 465-71.

Nicholls, John. “Conceptions of Ability and Achievement Motivation: A Theory and Its Implications for Education.” Learning and Motivation in the Classroom. Ed. Scott G. Paris et al. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1983.211-37.

Norman, Donald. “Twelve Issues for Cognitive Science.” Perspectives on Cognitive Science. Ed. D. A. Norman. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1981. 265-95.

Northam, Paul. “Heuristics and Beyond: Deconstruction/Inspiration and the Teaching of Writing Invention.” Writing and Reading Differently: Deconstruction and the Teaching of Composition and Literature. Ed. G. Douglas Atkins and Michael L. Johnson. Lawrence, KS: UP of Kansas, 1985. 115-28.

Perl, Sondra. “A Look at Basic Writers in the Process of Composing.” Basic Writing: Essays for Teachers, Researchers, and Administrators. Ed. Lawrence N. Kasden and Daniel R. Hoeber. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1980. 13-32.

Piaget, Jean. “The Relation of Affectivity to Intelligence in the Mental Development of the Child.” Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 26 (1962): 129-37.

Rose, Mike. Writer’s Block: The Cognitive Dimension. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1984.

Rowe, Mary Budd. “Science and Fate Control.” Paper presented at the Conference on Primary Science, UNESCO. Paris, 23-27 June 1980.

Schachter, Stanley. “The Interaction of Cognitive and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State.” Anxiety and Behavior. Ed. C. D. Spielberger. New York: Academic Press, 1966.

Skinner, B. F. Science and Human Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 1953.

Smith, Michael W. Reducing Writing Apprehension. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1984.

Thompson, Merle O’Rourke. “The Returning Student: Writing Anxiety and General Anxiety.” Paper presented at the annual conference of the Northeast Regional Conference on English in the Two Year College. Baltimore, 1981. ERIC ED 214558.

Weiner, Bernard. Achievement Motivation and Attribution Theory. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press, 1974.

Witte, Stephen P. “Pre-Text and Composing.” CCC 38.4 (1987): 397-425.

Abstract:

Witte argues that the writer’s pre-text, or mental construction of “text” prior to transcription, is such an important composing phenomenon that there must be more theoretical and empirical research in writing on it, specifically think-aloud protocols. From his own research on college freshmen’s pre-texts, he makes four observations about pre-text: pre-text directly affects the direction of the written text; pre-text can be stored in the writer’s memory and used in the text; revising pre-text uses the same strategies as revising written text; and pre-text is not a rigid step in the composing process but a necessary link between translating ideas to written text.

Keywords:

ccc38.4 Pre-text Episode Unit Writers Ideas Composition Protocols Sentence Planning Tasks Linguistics Memory Process Revision

Works Cited

Beach, Richard. “Self-Evaluation Strategies of Extensive Revisers and Non-Revisers.” CCC 27 (1976): 160-64.

Beaugrande, Robert de. Text Production: Toward a Science of Composition. Advances in Discourse Processes, Vol. 11. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1984.

Bracewell, Robert J., Carl H. Frederiksen, and Janet D. Frederiksen. “Cognitive Processes in Composing and Comprehending Discourse.” Educational Psychologist 17 (1982): 146-64.

Bridwell, Lillian S. “Revising Strategies in Twelfth-Grade Students’ Transactional Writing.” Research in the Teaching of English 14 (1980): 197-222.

Britton, James, et al. The Development of Writing Abilities (11-18). Schools Research Council Studies. London: Macmillan Education, 1975.

Cooper, Charles R., et al. “Studying the Writing Abilities of a University Freshman Class: Strategies from a Case Study.” New Directions in Writing Research. Ed. R. Beach and L. S. Bridwell. New York: Guilford, 1984. 19-52.

Ericsson, K. Anders, and Herbert A. Simon. “Verbal Reports as Data.” Psychological Review 97 (1980): 215-51.

—. Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1984.

Faigley, Lester L., et al. Assessing Writers’ Knowledge and Processes of Composing. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1985.

Faigley, Lester, and Stephen P. Witte. “Analyzing Revision.” CCC 32 (1981): 400-14.

—. “Measuring the Effects of Revisions on Text Structure.” New Directions in Composition Research. Ed. R. Beach and 1. S. Bridwell. New York: Guilford, 1984. 95-108.

Flower, Linda, and John R. Hayes. “A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing.” CCC 32 (1981): 365-87.

—. “Images, Plans, and Prose: The Representation of Meaning in Writing.” Written Communication 1 (1984): 120-60.

Flower, Linda, et al. “Detection, Diagnosis, and the Strategies of Revision.” CCC 37 (1986): 16-55.

Gorrell, Robert M. “How to Make Mulligan Stew: Process and Product Again.” CCC 34 (1983): 272-77.

Halliday, M. A. K. Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold, 1973.

—. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press, 1978.

Halliday, M. A. K., and Ruqaiya Hasan. Cohesion in English. London: Longman, 1976.

Hayes, John R., and Linda Flower. “Identifying the Organization of Writing Processes.” Cognitive Processes in Writing. Ed. 1. Gregg and E. Steinberg. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1980. 3-30.

—. “Uncovering Cognitive Processes in Writing: An Introduction to Protocol Analysis.” Research in Writing: Principles and Methods. Ed. P. Mosenthal, L. Tamor, and S. Walmsley. New York: Longman, 1983. 207-20.

Irmscher, William F. ” Finding a Comfortable Identity .” CCC 38 (1987): 81-87.

Murray, Donald M. “Internal Revision: A Process of Discovery.” Research on Composing: Points of Departure. Ed. C. R. Cooper and L. Odell. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1978. 85-103.

Nold, Ellen W. “Revising.” Writing: Process, Development, and Communication. Ed. C. H. Frederiksen and J. F. Dominic. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1981. 67-79.

Nystrand, Martin. The Structure of Written Communication: Studies in Reciprocity Between Writers and Readers. New York: Academic Press, 1986.

Odell, Lee. “Written Products and the Writing Processes.” The Writer’s Mind: Writing as a Mode of Thinking. Ed. J. N. Hayes et al. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1983. 53-65.

Rohman, D. Gordon. “Pre-Writing: The Stage of Discovery in the Writing Process.” CCC 16 (1965): 106-12.

Scardamalia, Marlene, and Carl Bereiter. “Research on Written Composition.” Handbook of Research on Teaching. 3rd ed. Ed. M. C. Wittrock. New York: Macmillan, 1986. 778-803.

Sommers, Nancy I. “Revision Strategies of Student Writers and Experienced Adult Writers.” CCC 31 (1980): 378-88.

Swarts, Heidi, Linda S. Flower, and John R. Hayes. “Designing Protocol Studies of the Writing Process: An Introduction.” New Directions in Composition Research. Ed. R. Beach and L. S. Bridwell. New York: Guilford, 1984.53-71.

Witte, Stephen P. “Revising, Composition Theory, and Research Design.” The Acquisition of Written Language: Response and Revision. Ed. S. W. Freedman. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1985. 250-84.

—. “Writing Tasks and Composing Processes.” Annual Convention of the Conference on College Composition and Communication. New Orleans, LA, 1986.

Witte, Stephen P., and Roger D. Cherry, “Writing Processes and Written Products in Composition Research.” Studying Writing: Linguistic Approaches. Ed. C. R. Cooper and S. Greenbaum. Written Communication Annual: An International Survey of Research and Theory, Vol. 1. Beverly Hills, CA and London: Sage, 1986. 112-53.

Witte, Stephen P., et al. An Evaluation of DCCCD’s “The Write Course.” Austin, TX: ITS for the Center for Telecommunications and the Annenberg/CPB Foundation, 1985.

Witte, Stephen P., et al. Holistic Evaluation of Writing: Issues in Theory and Practice. New York: Guilford, forthcoming.

Witte, Stephen P., and Lester L. Faigley. “Coherence, Cohesion, and Writing Quality.” CCC 32 (1981): 189-204.