College Composition and Communication, Vol. 47, No. 2, May 1996

Click here to view the individual articles in this issue at http://www.ncte.org/cccc/ccc/issues/v47-2

Poulakos, John. “Review: Aristotle’s Voice, Our Ears.” Rev. of Aristotle’s Voice: Rhetoric, Theory and Writing in America by Jasper Neel. CCC 47.2 (1996): 293-301.

Holdstein, Deborah H., Carolyn R. Miller, and James J. Sosnoski. “Interchanges: Counterpostings on a Genre of Email.” CCC 47.2 (1996): 279-292.

Spooner, Michael and Kathleen Yancey. “Postings on a Genre of Email.” CCC 47.2 (1996): 252-278.

Abstract:

Keywords:

ccc47.2 Genre Email Writing Computers Form Technology Class Context Students Classroom Conventions Online Audience

Works Cited

Allen, Walter. The English Novel: A Short Critical History . New York: Dutton, 1954.

<artsxnet>. “Hillbilly in Cyberspace.” Cybermind Discussion List [online]. Available email: CYBERMIND<LISTSERV@WORLD.STD.COM>. 6 July 1994.

Bakhtin, Mikhail. “The Problem of Speech Genres.” The Rhetorical Tradition. Ed. Patricia Bizzell and Bruce Herzberg. Boston: Bedford, 1990. 944-64.

<baldwine>. “Define cybermind.” Cybermind Discussion List [online]. Available email: CYBERMIND<LISTSERV@WORLD.STD.COM>. 6 July 1994.

Barker, Thomas, and Fred Kemp. “A Postmodern Pedagogy for the Writing Classroom.” Computers and Community. Ed. Carolyn Handa. Portsmouth: Boynton, 1990. 1-27.

Barry, Dave. “Through Internet, Cybermuffin Shares Intimate Computer Secrets.” Knight-Ridder Newspapers 6 February 1994.

Bitzer, Lloyd. “The Rhetorical Situation.” Contemporary Rhetoric. Ed. Douglas Ehninger. Glenview: Scott, 1972. 39-49.

Bolter, Jay David. Writing Space . Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1991.

<ccrmitta>. “Email.” Writing Center Discussion List [online]. Available email: WCENTER <LISTPROC@UNICORN.ACS.TTU.EDU>. 1 November 1993.

Colins, Gail. “The Freddy Krueger in Your Computer.” Working Woman April 1994: 62.

Cooper, Marilyn, and Cynthia Selfe. “Computer Conferences and Learning: Authority, Resistance, and Internally Persuasive Discourse.” College English 52 (1991): 847-69.

<csjhs>. “Email.” Writing Center Discussion List [online]. Available email: WCENTER <LISTPROC@UNICORN.ACS.TTU.EDU>. 8 November 1993.

“PR.” Writing Center Discussion List [online]. Available email: WCENTER <LISTPROC@UNICORN.ACS.TTU.EDU>. 8 July 1994.

Eldred, Janet Carey, and Ron Fortune. “Exploring the Implications of Metaphors for Computer Networks and Hypermedia.” Hawisher and LeBlanc 58-74.

Elmer-DeWitt, Philip. “Bards of the Internet.” Time July 1994: 66-67.

Fahnestock, Jeanne. “Genre and Rhetorical Craft.” Research in the Teaching of English 27 (1993): 265-71.

Freedman, Aviva. “Show and Tell? The Role of Explicit Teaching in the Learning of New Genres.” Research in the Teaching of English 27

(1993): 222-52.

Freedman, Avivia, and Peter Medway, eds. Learning and Teaching Genre. Portsmouth: Boynton, 1994.

Green, Bill, and Allison Lee. “Writing Geography: Literacy, Identity, and Schooling.” Freedman and Medway 207-24.

<harrism>. “Email.” Writing Center Discussion List [online]. Available email: WCENTER <LISTPROC@UNICORN. ACS. TTU. EDU>. 9 November 1993.

Hawisher, Gail. “Electronic Meetings of the Minds: Research, Electronic Conferences, and Composition Studies.” Hawisher and LeBlanc 81-10l.

Hawisher, Gail, and Paul LeBlanc, eds. Re-imagining Computers and Composition. Portsmouth: Boynton, 1992.

Hawisher, Gail, and Charles Moran. “Electronic Mail and the Writing Instructor.” College English 55 (1993): 627-43.

Hawisher, Gail, and Cynthia Selfe. “The Rhetoric of Technology and the Electronic Writing Class.” CCC 42 (1991): 55-65.

Hunt, Russell. “Speech Genres, Writing Genres, School Genres, and Computer Genres.” Freedman and Medway 243-62.

<johnmc>. “Elements of emai1 distribution.” Megabyte University Discussion List [online]. Available emai1: MBU-L <LISTPROC@UNICORN. ACS. TTU. EDU>. 5 Jul 1994.

Lanham, Richard. The Electronic Word: Democracy, Technology, and the Arts . Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1993.

Larson, Richard. “The ‘Research Paper’ in the Writing Course: A Non­Form of Writing.” College English 44 (1982): 811-16.

Leitch, vincent. “(De)Coding (Generic) Discourse”. Genre 24 (Spring 91): 83-98.

Lewis, Peter H. “No More Anything Goes: Cyberspace Gets Censors.” New York Times 29 June 1994: Business-Technology 3-4.

<lffunkhouser>. “Truck-flattened smiley.” Copyediting Discussion List [online]. Available emai1: COPYEDITING-L <LISTSERV@CORNELL. EDU>. 12 February 1994.

<listproc>. “Subscribe CCCCC-L Michael S.” Emai1 to M. Spooner [online]. Available emai1: <mspooner@cc.usu.edu>. 22 Jun 1994.

<lysana>. “Virtual communities.” Cybermind Discussion List [online]. Available emai1: CYBERMIND<LISTSERV@WORLD.STD.COM>. 6 July 1994.

<malgosia>. “Virtual communities.” Cybermind Discussion List [online]. Available emai1: CYBERMIND<LISTSERV@WORLD.STD.COM>. 4 July 1994.

<marius>. “virtual communities.” Cybermind Discussion List [online]. Available email: CYBERMIND<LISTSERV@WORLD.STD.COM>. 5 July 1994.

<mspooner>. “Early final thoughts.” Emai1 to K. Yancey [online]. Available email: <mspooner@press.usu.edu>. 13 December 1994.

Miller, Carolyn R. “Genre as Social Action.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 70 (1984): 151-67.

Moran, Charles. “Computers and English: What Do We Make of Each Other?” College English 54 (1992): 193-98.

<mul1anne>. “Emai1.” Writing Center Discussion List [online]. Available email: WCENTER <LISTPROC@UNICORN. ACS. TTU. EDU>. 5 November 1993.

<newmann> “Emai1.” Writing Center Discussion List [online]. Available email: WCENTER <LISTPROC@UNICORN. ACS. TTU. EDU>. 29 October 1993.

Rodrigues, Raymond and Dawn Rodrigues. Teaching Writing with a Wordprocessor. Urbana: NCTE, 1986.

Schryer, Catherine. “Records as Genre.” Written Communication 10 (1993): 200-34.

Seabrook, John. “E-mail from Bill.” The New Yorker 10 January 1994: 48-62.

“My First Flame.” The New Yorker 6 June 1994: 70-79.

Selfe, Cynthia L., and Richard J. Selfe, Jr. “The Politics of the Interface: Power and Its Exercise in Electronic Contact Zones.” CCC 45 (1994): 480-504.

<skeevers>. ~Signature.” Business Communication Discussion List [online]. Available emai1: BIZCOM <LISTSERV@EBBS. ENGLISH. VT. EDU>. 6 June 1994.

Swales, John. Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Discourse . Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990.

<swilbur>. “Beauty in cyberspace?” Cybermind Discussion List [online]. Available emai1: CYBERMIND<LISTSERV@WORLD.STD.COM>. 5 July 1994.

Taylor, Paul. “Social Epistemic Rhetoric and Chaotic Discourse.” Hawisher and LeBlanc 131-48.

Weathers, Winston. “Grammars of Style.” Rhetoric and Composition. Ed. Richard L. Graves. Upper Montclair: Boynton, 1984. 133-47.

Wittig, Rob. Invisible Rendezvous: Connection and Collaboration in the New Landscape of Electronic Writing . Hanover: Wesleyan UP, 1994.

Zamierowski, Mark. “The Virtual Voice in Network Culture.” Voices on Voice: Perspectives, Definition, Inquiry . Ed. Kathleen Yancey. Urbana: NCTE, 1994. 275-98.

Straub, Richard. “The Concept of Control in Teacher Response: Defining the Varieties of ‘Directive’ and ‘Facilitative’ Commentary.” CCC 47.2 (1996): 223-251.

Abstract:

Straub challenges the dominant view that teacher commentary is directive or facilitative. Straub claims that these labels belie a simplistic dualism and eschew critique of actual teacher’s comments in favor of figurative description and a discussion of loosely defined attitudes. Straub evaluates the different comments on one student’s paper made by composition teachers Edward White, Jane Peterson, Peter Elbow and Ann Gere to better define a way to label and interpret comments and encourage all teachers to examine and improve their written comments on student essays.

Keywords:

ccc47.2 Comments Student Writing Response Control Teacher Reader Directive Facilitative Revision EndComments

Works Cited

Anson, Chris, ed. Writing and Response: Theory, Practice, Research. Urbana: NCTE, 1989.

Anson, Chris. “Response Styles and Ways of Knowing.” Anson 332-66.

Baumlin, Tita French, and James Baumlin. “Paper Grading and the Rhetorical Stance.” Lawson et al. 171-82.

Bazerman, Charles. “Reading Student Texts: Proteus Grabbing Proteus.” Lawson et al. 139-46.

Beach, Richard. “Showing Students How to Assess: Demonstrating Techniques for Responses in the Writing Conference.” Anson 127-48.

Brannon, Lil, and C. H. Knoblauch. “On Students’ Rights to Their Own Texts: A Model of Teacher Response.” CCC 33 (1982): 157­66.

Burkland, Jill, and Nancy Grimm. “Motivating Through Responding.” Journal of Teaching Writing 5.2 (Fall 1986): 237-46.

Chiseri-Strater, Elizabeth. “Evaluation as Acts of Reading, Response, and Reflection.” Nuts and Bolts: A Practical Guide to Teaching College Composition. Ed. Thomas Newkirk. Portsmouth: Boynton, 1993. 179-202.

Danis, M. Francine. “The Voice in the Margins: Paper-Marking as Conversation.” Freshman English News 15.3 (Winter 1987): 18-20.

Elbow, Peter, and Pat Belanoff. Sharing and Responding. New York: Random, 1989.

Flynn, Elizabeth. “Learning to Read Student Papers from a Feminist Perspective.” Lawson et al. 49-58.

Fuller, David. “Teacher Commentary That Communicates: Practicing What We Preach in the Writing Class.” Journal of Teaching Writing 6.2 (Fall 1987): 307-17.

Horvath, Brooke. “The Components of Written Response: A Practical Synthesis of Current Views.” Rhetoric Review 2 (1984): 136-56.

Knoblauch, C. H. and Lil Brannon, “Teacher Commentary on Student Writing: The State of the Art.” Freshman English News 10 (Fall 1981): 1-4.

Knoblauch, C. H. and Lil Brannon, Rhetorical Traditions and the Teaching of Writing. Upper Montclair: Boynton, 1984.

Krest, Margie. “Monitoring Student Writing: How Not to Avoid the Draft.” Journal of Teaching Writing 7 (1988): 27-39.

Lawson, Bruce, Susan Sterr Ryan, and W. Ross Winterowd, Eds. Encountering Student Texts: Interpretive Issues in Reading Student Writing. Urbana: NCTE, 1989.

Moxley, Joseph. “Responding to Student Writing; Goals, Methods, Alternatives.” Freshman English News 17 (Spring 1989): 349-11.

Newkirk, Thomas. “The First Five Minutes: Setting the Agenda in a Writing Conference.” Anson 317-31.

Probst, Robert E. “Transactional Theory and Response to Student Writing.” Anson 68-79.

Rule, Rebecca. “Conferences and Workshops: Conversations on Writing in Process.” Nuts and Bolts: A Practical Guide to Teaching College Composition. Ed. Thomas Newkirk. Portsmouth: Boynton, 1993. 43-65.

Sommers, Jeffrey. “The Writer’s Memo: Collaboration, Response, and Development.” Anson 174-86.

Sommers, Nancy. “Responding to Student Writing.” CCC 33 (1982): 148-56.

Straub, Richard, and Ronald F. Lunsford. Twelve Readers Reading: Responding to College Student Writing. Cresskill: Hampton, 1995.

Tobin, Lad. Writing Relationships: What Really Happens in the Composition Class. Portsmouth: Boynton, 1993.

Ziv, Nina. “The Effect of Teacher Comments on the Writing of Four College Freshmen.” New Directions in Composition Research. Ed. Richard Beach and Lillian Bridwell. New York: Guilford, 1984. 362-80.

Horner, Bruce. “Discoursing Basic Writing.” CCC 47.2 (1996): 199-222.

Abstract:

Horner explains why and how insights of the basic writing movement got lost in composition discourse and the importance of recovering such history and insights from the movement. Horner argues that the terms of basic writing and its discourse (stemming from the 1970s public debate on open admissions at universities) represents a necessary response to institutional power that would marginalize students “deemed unprepared for college.”

Keywords:

ccc47.2 Students Writing Admissions Teachers OpenAdmissions BasicWriting Teaching Discourse MShaughnessy Programs Frontier

Works Cited

Agnew, Spiro T. “Toward a ‘Middle Way’ in College Admissions.” Educational Record 51 (Spring 1970): 106-11.

Bartholomae, David. “The Tidy House: Basic Writing in the American Curriculum.” Journal of Basic Writing 12.1 (Spring 1993): 4-21.

—. “Writing on the Margins: The Concept of Literacy in Higher Education.” Enos 66-83.

Bartholomae, David and Anthony Petrosky. Facts, Artifacts. and Counterfacts. Upper Montclair: Boynton. 1986.

Board of Higher Education. The City of New York. Statement of Policy by the Board of Higher Education. 9 July 1969.

Bourdieu, Pierre. Homo Academicus. Trans. Peter Collier. Stanford UP, 1988.

—. Language and Symbolic Power. Ed. John B. Thompson. Trans. Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson. Cambridge. MA: Harvard UP, 1991.

“Brooklyn College Graduates First Group of Open Admissions Students June 6.” Office of College Relations, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York. 6 June 1974.

Buckley, William E, Jr. “Among the Illiterate at CUNY.” Rochester Times- Union 8 June 1976.

“The Case for Open Admissions.” Editorial. Change Summer 1973: 9-10.

Connors, Robert J. “Basic Writing Textbooks: History and Current Avatars.” Enos 259-74.

“CUNY Open-Admissions Plan Found Benefiting Whites Most.” Chronicle of Higher Education 2 October 1978.

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D’Eloia, Sarah G. “Teaching Standard Written English.”‘ Journal of Basic Writing 1.1 (Spring 1975): 5-13.

Enos, Theresa, ed. A Sourcebook for Basic Writing Teachers. New York: Random, 1987.

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Gould, Christopher, and John Heyda. “Literacy Education and the Basic Writer: A Survey of College Composition Courses.” Journal of Basic Writing 5.2 (Fall 1986): 8­27.

Graff, Harvey J. “The Legacies of Literacy: Continuities and Contradictions in Western Society and Culture.” Literacy, Society, and Schooling. Ed. Suzanne de Castell, Allan Luke, and Kieran Egan. Cambridge Up, 1986.61-86.

“Hard Work Pays Off: Open Enrollment Success Story.” Long Island Press 12 June 1974.

Healy, Timothy S. “New Problems-New Hopes.” Change Summer 1973: 24-29.

—. “Will Everyman Destroy the University?'” Saturday Review 20 December 1969.

Horner, Bruce. “Mapping Errors and Expectations for Basic Writing: From the ‘Frontier Field’ to ‘Border Country.”’ English Education 26 (1994): 29-51.

Horning, Alice S. “The Connection of Writing to Reading: A Gloss on the Gospel of Mina Shaughnessy.” College English 40 (1978): 264-68.

The Journal of Basic Writing. New York: Instructional Resource Center, City University of New York, 1975-.

Kaplan, Barbara. “Open Admissions: A Critique.” Liberal Education 58 (1972): 210-21.

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Laurence, Patricia. “The Vanishing Site of Mina Shaughnessy’s Errors and Expectations;” Journal of Basic Writing 12.2 (Fall 1993): 18-28.

Lu, Min-Zhan. “Representations of the ‘Other’: Theodore Dreiser and Basic Writers.” Diss. U. of Pittsburgh, 1989.

Lunsford, Andrea. “Politics and Practices in Basic Writing.” Enos 246-58.

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“News: Open Admissions Freshman II.” The City University of New York. Press Release. 18 September 1970.

“News: Open Admissions Freshman III.” The City University of New York. Press Release. 18 September 1970.

“News: Open Admissions Freshman IV.” The City University of New York. Press Release. 18 September 1970.

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”’Open Enrollment’ Results Told.” Washington Post 18 November 1971.

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Shaughnessy, Mina P. “Basic Writing.” Teaching Composition: i 0 Bibliographical Essays. Ed. Gary Tate. Forth Worth: Texas Up, 1976. 137-67.

—. “Basic Writing and Open Admissions.” Intradepartmental Memorandum to Theodore Gross. 10 December 1970. City College Archives, City College of New York.

—. “The English Professor’s Malady.” Journal of Basic Writing 3 (Fall/Winter 1980): 91-97.

—. Errors and Expectations. New York: Oxford UP, 1977.

—. Introduction, 1975. Journal of Basic Writing 1 (Spring): 1-4.

—. “The Miserable Truth.” Journal of Basic Writing 3.1 (Fall/Winter 1980): 109-14.

—. “A Second Report: Open Admissions.” City College of New York Department of English Newsletter 2.1 (January 1972): 5-8. City College Archives, City College of New York.

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—. Culture Wars. U of Chicago P, 1986. Slevin, James F. “Depoliticizing and Politicizing Composition Studies.” The Politics of Writing instruction: Postsecondary. Ed. Richard Bullock and John Trimbur. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1991. 1-21.

Stoerker, C. Frederick. “Open Admissions: Emerging Concept in Higher Education: A Look at the Implications of a New Experiment in New York City.” Christian Century 26 August 1970: 1013-1017.

Todorovich, Miro. “By Way of History.” The idea of a Modern University. Ed. Sidney Hook, Paul Kurtz, and Miro Todorovich. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus, 1974. xiii-xv.

Trimbur, John. “Cultural Studies and Teaching Writing.” Focuses 1.2 (1988): 5-18.

Wagner, Geoffrey. The End of Education. New York: Barnes, 1976.

Weiner, Howard R. “The Instructor and Open Admissions.” Urban Education October 1970: 287-94.

Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford UP, 1976.

“You Don’t Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows.” New Left Notes 18 June 1969. Rpt. University Crisis Reader. II: Confrontation and Counterattack. Ed. Immanuel Wallerstein and Paul Starr. New York: Random, 1971. 260-93.

Marback, Richard. “Corbett’s Hand: A Rhetorical Figure for Composition Studies.” CCC 47.2 (1996): 180-198.

Abstract:

Marback theorizes about open-hand and closed fist rhetorics. He analyzes events within the U.S. college composition community and in U.S. politics in1968 that inform Edward P.J Corbett’s 1969 CCC article “The Rhetoric of the Open Hand and the Rhetoric of the Closed Fist.” Marback claims that Corbett overestimates possibilities for ideal open communication. Open hand rhetorics can neutralize discourse by inscribing an exclusive liberal humanistic discourse that idealizes democratic free exchange and privileges reasoned written discourse over political material rhetorics. Marback further claims that this figurative discourse of open vs. closed hands impacts Donald Murray’s formative ideas of expressivism as evidenced by his 1969 article, “Finding Your Own Voice: Teaching Composition in an Age of Dissent.” Rhetorics of the open hand discipline the student to have to “hold the pen” and therefore precludes closed fist rhetorics. Closed fist rhetorics must be more vigorously interpreted, accurately defined and understood as a practice “mediated by the realities” of race, class and gender

Keywords:

ccc47.2 Rhetoric Composition ECorbett OpenHand ClosedFist Power Students Values Writing Violence Expression Protest Education

Works Cited

Baker, Houston A., Jr.. “Critical Memory and the Black Public Sphere.” Public Culture 7 (1994): 3-33.

”’Black Power’ at the Olympics.” U.S. News and World Report 28 Oct. 1968: 10.

Browne, Robert M., “Response.” CCC 21 (1970): 187-90.

Corbett, Edward P. J. “The Rhetoric of the Open Hand and the Rhetoric of the Closed Fist.” CCC 20 (1969): 288-96.

Faigley, Lester. Fragments of Rationality: Postmodernity and the Subject of Composition. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1992.

Fraser, Nancy. “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” Habermas and the Public Sphere. Ed. Craig Calhoun. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993.

Giroux, Henry. Border Crossings: Cultural Workers and the Politics of Education. New York: Routledge, 1992.

Hairston, Maxine. ” Diversity, Ideology, and Teaching Writing .” CCC 43 (1992): 179-93.

Howell, Wilbur Samuel. “Renaissance Rhetoric and Modern Rhetoric: A Study in Change.” Poetics, Rhetoric, and Logic: Studies in the Basic Disciplines of Criticism. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1975.

Irmscher, William F.. “In Memoriam.” CCC 19 (1968): 105.

Kelly, Ernece B.. “Murder of the American Dream.” CCC 19 (1968): 106-08.

Kerner Commission. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. New York: Bantam Books, 1968.

Murray, Donald. “Finding Your Own Voice: Teaching Composition in an Age of Dissent.” CCC 20 (1969): 118-23.

New University Conference Caucus of CCCC. “Counterstatement.” CCC 20 (1969): 238-41.

“The Olympics.” Time 25 Oct. 1968: 62.

“The Olympics in Retrospect.” Ebony. 24 Dec. 1968: 160-1.

Peller, Gary. “Race Consciousness.” After Identity: A Reader in Law and Culture. Ed. Dan Danielsen and Karen Engle. New York: Routledge, 1995.

Secretary’s Report. CCC 20 (1969): 267-72. Sherriffs, Alex C. and Kenneth B. Clark.

“How Relevant is Education in America Today?” Rational Debate Seminars. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1970.

Trimbur, John. “Counterstatement.” CCC 44 (1993): 248-49.

Voss, Ralph. “Counterstatement.” CCC 44 (1993): 256-57.

West, Cornell. Race Matters. Boston: Beacon, 1993.

Will, George F. “Radical English.” Washington Post 16 Sept. 1990: B7.

Lunsford, Andrea A. and Lisa Ede. “Representing Audience: ‘Successful’ Discourse and Disciplinary Critique.” CCC 47.2 (1996): 167-179.

Abstract:

Lunsford and Ede critique their published essay “Audience Addressed/Audience Invoked: The Role of Audience in Composition Theory and Pedagogy.” Their purpose is to resist “the lure of totalized oppositionalizing readings” through a critical inquiry that foregrounds the “rhetoricity ” of the article. By reflecting upon what it means to represent audience and by examining discourses that inform the article, the authors seek to raise questions about what makes for “‘successful’ discourse, disciplinary critique and progress.”

Keywords:

ccc47.2 Audience Success Students AudienceAddressed AudienceInvoked Schooling Critique Discourse Field Writing

Works Cited

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Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966.

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Comfort, Juanita. “Negotiating Identity in Academic Writing: Experiences of African American Women Doctoral Students.” Diss. Ohio State U, 1995.

Ede, Lisa and Andrea Lunsford. “Audience Addressed/Audience Invoked: The Role of Audience in Composition Theory and Pedagogy.” CCC 35 (1984): 155-71.

Harris, Joseph. “CCC in the 90s.” CCC 45 (1994): 7-9.

hooks, bell. Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black. Boston: South End, 1989.

—. Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. Boston: South End, 1990.

Kirsch, Gesa and Joy S. Ritchie. ” Beyond the Personal: Theorizing a Politics of Location in Composition Research .” CCC 46.1 (1995): 7-29.

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Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. “On Race and Voice: Challenges for Liberal Education in the 1990s.” Between Borders. Ed. Henry A. Giroux and Peter McLaren. New York: Routledge, 1994. 145-66.

Ong, Walter J. “The Writer’s Audience Is Always A Fiction.” PMLA 90 (1975): 9-21. Richards, 1. A. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. London: Oxford UP, 1936.

Shaughnessy, Mina P. Errors and Expectations. New York: Oxford UP, 1977.

Worsham, Lynn. “Writing against Writing: The Predicament of Ecriture Feminine in Composition Studies.” Contending with Words: Composition and Rhetoric in a Postmodern Age. Ed. Patricia Harkin and John Schilb. New York: MLA, 1991. 82-104.